Location services is one of the key services required as longer tunnels (road/rail) and complex tunnel geometry is becoming more common within transport sector and generally underground environments in the form of transport interchanges are becoming a common sight especially within urban centres. This infrastructure not only plays a key role in ease and productivity for commuters but also acts as a critical service in emergency or incident situations for commuters, emergency personnel and freight operators. With the advent of CAVs accurate location is incredibly important to the CAV systems not only in tunnel environments but also in dense urban environments where canyoning can make the location accuracy poor. 

The current location services infrastructure within the underground and dense urban environments is mostly lacking or sporadic. There are various solutions available however there are many considerations in deployment of these solutions and specific regulatory, technological, cost considerations that are analysed in this presentation to outline a cohesive approach in deployment of location services infrastructure within the underground and dense urban environments. The presentation considers different use cases and users for the location services and the appropriate technologies that may be able to service the user needs.